Inferior Vena Cava Tumor Thrombus Extending up to the Right Atrium

Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is one of the most common malignant tumors. Formed tumor thrombus (TT) may extend to the inferior vena cava (IVC) and even may extend up to the right atrium. Such a scenario is rare and posses a real surgical challenge. The prognosis for this condition is extremely poor, with a median survival time of several months, Furthermore, there is no established effective treatment for the condition. The management of patients with advanced HCC and a TT extending into the RA and IVC is extremely difficult and risky. We report an intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma case with a tumor thrombus extending from the IVC to the RA, revealed by an acute pulmonary embolism assessing the clinical manifestations, pathophysiology, imaging diagnosis techniques and associated positive treatments for HCC with TT in IVC or RA.